JUN WARE 钧窑

钧窑是中国宋代的五大名窑之一 。钧瓷，河南省禹州市特产。 钧瓷始于唐、盛于宋，是中国古代五大名瓷之一，并以其独特的釉料及烧成方法产生的窑变神奇而闻名于世。钧瓷作为中国陶瓷艺术史上的一个重要符号，在世界陶瓷发展史上占有重要地位，自古就有“黄金有价钧无价”、“家有万贯，不如钧瓷一片”之说。它独特的窑变艺术，以其“入窑一色，出窑万彩“的艺术特点广受陶瓷爱好者喜爱。 钧瓷主要贡献在于烧制成艳丽绝伦的红釉钧瓷，从而开创了铜红釉之先河，改变了以前中国高温颜色釉只有黑釉和青釉的局面，开拓了新的艺术境界。 钧瓷艺术具有独特的民族风格和独树一帜的艺术特征，体现了中华民族的伟大气魄和瑰丽多姿的民族文化，历经坎坷而经久不衰。钧瓷的艺术美，是通过神奇的窑变工艺而获得的，它不同于人工的绘画雕刻艺术，具有特殊的古典美，使人感到瑰丽、丰富。《中国陶瓷史》在评价钧瓷艺术成就时说：“宋代钧瓷创用铜的氧化物作为着色剂，在还原气氛下烧制成功的铜红釉，为中国陶瓷工艺、陶瓷美学，开辟了一个新的境界……这是一个了不起的伟大成就。”

Jun porcelain is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty in China. Jun porcelain, a specialty of Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Jun porcelain began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. It is one of the five famous porcelains in ancient China. It is famous for its unique glaze and the magical kiln transformation produced by the firing method. As an important symbol in the history of Chinese ceramic art, Jun porcelain occupies an important position in the history of world ceramic development. Since ancient times, there have been sayings that "gold is valuable and Jun is priceless", and "a family may have ten thousand tael of silver, but not even comparable to having a Jun porcelain". Its unique art of kiln transformation is widely loved by ceramic enthusiasts with its artistic characteristics of "one color into the kiln, and ten thousand colors out of the kiln". The main contribution of Jun porcelain is making the gorgeous red-glazed Jun porcelain, which created the first of copper red glaze, and changed the situation that China's high-temperature color glaze only had black glaze and celadon glaze. It opened up a new artistic realm. Jun porcelain art has a unique national style and unique artistic features, which embodies the great courage and magnificent national culture of the Chinese nation which has experienced ups and downs for a long time. The artistic beauty of Jun porcelain is obtained through the magical kiln transformation process. It is different from the painting and carving art. It has a special classical beauty, which makes people feel magnificent and rich. When evaluating the artistic achievements of Jun porcelain, “History of Chinese Ceramics” said: “The creation of Jun porcelain in the Song Dynasty used copper oxides as colorants and successfully fired copper red glaze in a reducing atmosphere..... This is an amazing and great achievement."

DING WARE 定窑

定窑是宋代著名瓷窑之一，以生产白瓷而驰名。定窑瓷器多为白釉，亦有少量的黑釉、酱釉、褐釉、绿釉等品种。定窑白瓷的驰名始于北宋，而定窑白瓷的烧造则始于唐代。 定窑在唐代时就已是著名瓷场，专烧白釉、黄釉瓷，到宋代发展迅速，比之前更大更有名，大量烧制白瓷，其次有黑釉、酱釉、绿釉、白地褐花等品种。白瓷胎土细腻，胎质薄而有光，釉色纯白滋润，上有泪痕，釉为白玻璃质釉，略带粉质，因此称为粉定，亦称白定。其它瓷器胎质粗而釉色偏黄俗称土定；紫色者为紫定；黑色如漆的为黑定，传世极少。 定窑瓷器的胎骨较薄而且精细，颜色洁净，瓷化程度很高。釉色多为白色，釉质坚密光润。定窑瓷器的白釉多闪黄，故有“粉定”之称，釉面偶尔还有垂釉的现象，由此又有了“泪釉”的别称。宋代定窑瓷器常见的器型以碗、盘、瓶、碟、盒和枕为多，罐、炉等器形则比较少。定窑瓷器的装饰技法以白釉印花、白釉刻花和白釉划花为主。北宋早期的定窑刻花，构图、纹样都比较简单，以重莲瓣纹居多，装饰具有浅浮雕的美感。北宋中晚期，定窑的刻花装饰精美绝伦，独具一格。

Ding kiln is one of the famous porcelain kilns in Song Dynasty, famous for producing white porcelain. Ding kiln porcelain is mostly white glaze, and there are also a small amount of black glaze, sauce glaze, brown glaze and green glaze. The fame of Dingyao white porcelain began in the Northern Song Dynasty, but the firing of Dingyao white porcelain began in the Tang Dynasty. Ding kiln was already a famous porcelain shop in the Tang Dynasty. It specialized in white glaze and yellow glaze porcelain. It developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty. It was larger and more famous than before. A large number of white porcelain was fired, followed by black glaze, sauce glaze, green glaze, and white ground brown flowers and other varieties. The white porcelain body is delicate, thin and shiny, the glaze is pure white and moist, with tear marks on it. The glaze is white glassy glaze with a slight powdery texture, so it is called Fen Ding, also known as Baiding. Some porcelains are thick and yellowish in glaze, commonly known as Tuding. Purple ones are Purple Ding; black as lacquer are Black Ding, which are very rare. The body of Ding kiln porcelain are thin and fine, with clean color and high degree of porcelain. The glaze is mostly white, and the enamel is dense and smooth. The white glaze of Ding kiln porcelain is mostly yellowish, so it is called "Fen Ding". The glazed surface occasionally has the phenomenon of drooping glaze, which gives it another name of "tear glaze". The common types of Ding kiln porcelain in the Song Dynasty were bowls, plates, vases, boxes and pillows, while jars and burners were relatively few. The decoration techniques of Ding kiln porcelain are mainly white glaze printing, white glaze carving and white glaze cutting. Ding kiln carved flowers in the early Northern Song Dynasty were relatively simple in composition and pattern, with double lotus petals in the majority, and the decorations had the beauty of bas-relief. In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, the carved decorations of Ding kiln are exquisite and unique.

YAOZHOU WARE 耀州窑

耀州窑是中国传统制瓷工艺中的珍品，宋代六大窑系之一。位于今陕西省铜川市的黄堡镇，唐宋时属耀州治，在唐代就是中国陶瓷烧制的著名产地，宋代更进一步达到鼎盛，成为我国“宋代六大窑系”中的一个窑系。 耀州窑是北方青瓷的代表。北宋是耀州的鼎盛时期，据记载且为朝廷烧造“贡瓷”。 宋代晚期以青瓷为主，胎薄质坚，釉面光洁匀静，色泽青幽，呈半透明状，十分淡雅。装饰有刻花、印花，结构严谨丰满，线条自由流畅。纹饰多满布器内外，种类繁多。 耀州窑在宋时北方的青瓷窑场中最负盛名，堪称翘楚。其不凡的制瓷技巧和洒脱活泼的风格对当时各地窑场产生了很大影响，得到广泛推广，由此形成了一个自北而南的范围广阔的耀州窑系。宋代青瓷胎体较坚簿，胎色灰褐或灰紫，釉质莹润透明，釉色青绿如橄榄，釉薄处呈姜黄色。 宋代装饰技法主要是刻花、印花、划花及模印刻划相间，以刻花、印花为主。北宋中期刻花发展成熟，刀法犀利，线条刚劲有力，刀痕有斜度，是宋代刻花技法中最优秀者。北宋晚期的印花也很精美，布局严谨对称匀衡。

Yaozhou kiln is a treasure of traditional Chinese porcelain making, one of the six major kiln families in Song Dynasty. Located in Huangbao Town, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, it was under the rule of Yaozhou during the Tang and Song Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, it was a famous producing area of ​​Chinese ceramics. It reached its peak in the Song Dynasty and became one of the "six kilns families of the Song Dynasty". Yaozhou kiln is the representative of northern celadon. The Northern Song Dynasty was the heyday of Yaozhou. According to records, "tribute porcelain" was produced for the court. In the late Song Dynasty, celadon was mainly produced, with thin and firm body, smooth and even glaze, green color, translucent, and very elegant. It is decorated with engraved flowers and prints, the structure is rigorous and full, and the lines are free and smooth. There are many decorations on the inside and outside of the ware, and there are many kinds. Yaozhou kiln was the most prestigious among the celadon kilns in the north during the Song Dynasty, and it can be called the leader. Its extraordinary porcelain-making skills and free and easy and lively style had a great influence on the kilns all over the country at that time and were widely promoted, thus forming a broad range of Yaozhou kilns from north to south. Song dynasty celadon body is relatively strong and thin, the body color is gray-brown or gray-purple, the enamel is shiny and transparent, the glaze is blue-green like olive, and the thin part of the glaze is ginger. The decorative techniques of the Song Dynasty mainly consisted of engraving, printing, scribing, and die-printing. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the carving was developed and mature, the knife technique was sharp, the line was strong and powerful, and the knife mark had a slope. The printing of the late Northern Song Dynasty is also very exquisite, the layout is rigorous, symmetrical and even.

JIZHOU WARE 吉州窑

吉州窑，是汉族传统制瓷工艺中的珍品，作为江南地区（江西吉安）一座举世闻名的综合性瓷窑，它具有浓厚的地方风格与汉民族艺术特色。吉州窑的丰富烧瓷经验和名工巧匠对江西地区瓷业的发展提高，曾起过相当重要的促进作用。 吉州窑产品精美丰富，尤以黑釉瓷（亦称天目釉瓷）产品著称，其独创的“木叶天目”、“剪纸贴花天目”和“玳瑁天目”饮誉中外。洒釉、虎皮天目等也是吉州窑的标志性品种。 吉州窑在中国陶瓷史上占有十分重要的地位，为推动中国古代瓷业生产，积累制作技艺作出了巨大成就。 吉州窑瓷器种类繁多，纹样装饰丰富多彩。按胎釉可分为青釉、黑釉、乳白釉、白釉彩绘和绿釉等类。在装饰技法上采用木叶、玳瑁、洒釉、剪纸、贴花、剔花、印花、彩绘、划花、堆塑和绞胎等，变幻无穷，在瓷器的实用性与艺术性上得到统一。 黑釉瓷是吉州窑开放“异彩的山花”，又称之为“天目瓷”。它利用廉价的天然黑色涂料，通过独特的制作技巧，产生变化多端的釉面与纹样，达到清新雅致的效果，表现出民间的"实用艺术和朴素风格"。

The Jizhou kiln is a treasure of the traditional porcelain-making craftsmanship of the Han nationality. As a world-famous comprehensive porcelain kiln in the Jiangnan area (Jian, Jiangxi), it has a strong local style and Han nationality artistic characteristics. Jizhou Kiln’s rich experience in firing porcelain and famous craftsmen have played a very important role in promoting the development and improvement of the porcelain industry in Jiangxi. Jizhou kiln products are exquisite and rich, especially famous for its black-glazed porcelain (also known as Tianmu Glazed Porcelain). Its original "Leaf Tianmu", "Paper-cut Tianmu" and "Tortoiseshell Tianmu" are well-known both at home and abroad. Sprinkle glaze and tiger skin Tianmu are also iconic varieties of Jizhou kiln. Jizhou kiln occupies a very important position in the history of Chinese ceramics, and has made great achievements in promoting the production of ancient Chinese porcelain and accumulating production skills. There are many types of Jizhou kiln porcelain, with rich and colorful patterns. According to the glaze, it can be divided into green glaze, black glaze, milky white glaze, white glaze painted and green glaze. The decoration techniques used wood leaf, tortoiseshell, sprinkling glaze, paper cutting, decals, carving, printing, painting, drawing, marbling, etc., and are endlessly changing and unified in the practicality and artistry of porcelain. Black glazed porcelain is the "exotic mountain flower" that opened in Jizhou kiln, also known as "Tianmu porcelain". It uses cheap natural black pigment, through unique production techniques, to produce a variety of glazes and patterns, to achieve a fresh and elegant effect, showing commoners' "practical art and simple style."

CIZHOU WARE 磁州窑

磁州窑是中国古代北方最大的一个民窑体系，也是著名的民间瓷窑，窑址在今河北省邯郸市峰峰矿区的彭城镇和磁县的观台镇一带，磁县宋代属磁州，故名。磁州窑创烧于北宋中期，并达到鼎盛， 磁州窑是宋代北方民间瓷器的典范，无论在造型或装饰上都着眼于实用、美观和经济。在长期的陶与瓷的实践中，逐渐形成了独特风格与特征（即白化妆技法），多用统一的造型、独特的装饰技艺构成了磁州窑产品的风格体貌，体现出地方特点、民族风格和时代特色。 它的产品多是日常生活必须的盘、碗、罐、瓶、盆、盒之类的用具，线条流利、自由奔放，表现出民间艺术所共有的豪放朴实的风格。宋代的磁州窑汲取题材广泛，形成多样，寓意丰富。并将陶瓷技艺和美术揉融在一起，将陶瓷器物提到了一个崭新的艺术境界，开创了陶瓷艺术的新纪元。 在磁州窑的诸多品种中，尤以白地黑花（铁锈花）、刻划花、窑变黑釉最为著名。它的装饰技法突破了当时流行的五大名窑（汝、官、钧、哥、定）的单色釉局限，运用了数十种丰富多彩的装饰技法。 磁州窑的匠师们吸收了传统的水墨画和书法艺术的技法，创造了具有水墨画风的白地黑绘装饰艺术，开启了中国瓷器彩绘装饰的先河，它那一气呵成的娴熟画艺，令许多艺术大师叹为观止。

Cizhou Kiln is the largest civil kiln family in the north of China in ancient times. It is also a famous folk porcelain kiln. The kiln is located in Pengcheng Town and Guantai Town of Ci County in Fengfeng Mining Area, Handan City, Hebei Province. Ci County belonged to Cizhou in Song Dynasty, hence the name . The Cizhou kiln was created in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty and reached its peak. The Cizhou kiln is a model of northern folk porcelain in the Song Dynasty. It focuses on practicality, beauty and economy in terms of shape and decoration. In the long-term practice of pottery and porcelain, unique styles and characteristics have gradually formed. The style and appearance of Cizhou kiln products are composed of unified shapes and unique decorative techniques, reflecting local characteristics, national styles and characteristics of the times. Most of its products are utensils such as dishes, bowls, jars, bottles, basins, boxes, etc., which are necessary for daily life. The lines are fluent, free and unrestrained, showing the bold and simple style shared by folk art. The Cizhou kilns of the Song dynasty absorbed a wide range of subjects, formed diverse forms, and had rich meanings. Combining ceramic skills and fine arts, the ceramics have been brought to a new artistic realm, and a new era of ceramic art has been created. Among the many varieties of Cizhou kilns, the white ground black flowers (rust flowers), carved flowers, and kiln transformed black glaze are the most famous. Its decoration techniques broke through the limitations of the monochromatic glazes of the five famous kilns (Ru, Guan, Jun, Ge, Ding) that were popular at that time, and applied dozens of colorful decoration techniques. The craftsmen of Cizhou kiln absorbed the traditional ink painting and calligraphy art techniques, and created the white ground and black painting decoration art with ink painting style, which opened the precedent for the decoration of Chinese porcelain. Its skillful painting skills in one go have impressed many art masters

SHADOW BLUE GLAZE 影青瓷

影青瓷又称映青瓷，是汉族传统制瓷工艺中的珍品，其前身是青白瓷，被称作“色白花青”的影青瓷是北宋中期景德镇所独创，其釉色青白淡雅，釉面明澈丽洁，胎质坚致腻白，色泽温润如玉，所以历史上有“假玉器”之称。 宋代景德镇的青白瓷以湖田窑烧制的最为著名，其次有湘湖、胜梅亭、柳家湾等窑。当时的品种有碗、盘、瓶、罐等日用器皿。北宋前期的青白瓷并无花纹，以器型的规整和玉一般的釉质取胜。中期以后，它的装饰以刻花为主，兼有印花、浅浮雕、镂空、堆塑，色调雅致大方的青白瓷釉里藏花，若明若暗，给人以无穷韵味。 宋代景德镇的青白瓷由半透明的釉，发展到半透明的胎，这在中国瓷器发展史上是一个飞跃。 “影青”是人们对宋代景德镇烧制的具有独特风格的瓷器的俗称，由于它的釉色介于青白之间，青中带白、白中闪青，加之瓷胎极薄，所刻划的花纹迎光照之内外皆可映见，因此被称为“影青”。 “影青”的釉色主要分为两类：一是白中闪淡青色，厚处闪深绿色，莹润精细，晶亮透彻，前人把它称为“假玉器”，有晶莹如玉的美称；二是淡青闪黄，这种釉色的“影青”瓷最为大量。另外，“影青”釉中还有一种在器物周身加绘褐色的彩种，人们称为“点彩”。宋时点彩位置随便、自然，面积往往较小，彩色有非常明显的浓淡区别，中心处最浓，呈铁斑色。

Shadow Blue celadon, also known as Yingqing celadon, is a treasure in the traditional porcelain-making process of the Han people. Its predecessor is blue and white porcelain. The shadow blue porcelain called "color white and flower blue" was originally created by Jingdezhen in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. Clean, the body is firm and white, and the color is as gentle as jade, so it is called "fake jade" in history. In the Song Dynasty, the most famous Jingdezhen's blue and white porcelain was made in Hutian kilns, followed by Xianghu, Shengmei Pavilion, and Liujiawan kilns. The varieties at that time included bowls, plates, bottles, jars and other daily utensils. The blue and white porcelain in the early Northern Song Dynasty had no patterns, and it won by the regularity of the vessel and the jade-like enamel. After the middle period, its decoration was mainly carved with flowers, and also including printing, bas-relief, hollowing. The elegant and generous blue and white porcelain glaze seems to have flowers hidden in it, giving people an endless charm. The blue and white porcelain of Jingdezhen in Song Dynasty developed from translucent glaze to translucent body, which is a leap in the history of Chinese porcelain development. "Yingqing" is a common name for the unique style of porcelain made in Jingdezhen in the Song Dynasty. Because its glaze is between blue and white, the blue is white in the blue, and the white is shining in blue, and the porcelain body is extremely thin. The pattern can be seen inside and outside under the sun, so it is called "shadow blue". The glaze of "Shadow Blue" is mainly divided into two categories: one is white with light cyan, dark green at the thick part, lustrous and delicate, crystal bright and translucent, people called it "fake jade", and some are as crystal as jade; the second is light blue flashing yellow, this kind of glazed "shadow blue" porcelain is the most abundant. In addition, there is also a kind of color in the glaze of "Shadow Cyan" that is painted brown all over the object, which is called "point color". The position of the stippling in Song Dynasty is casual and natural, and the area is often small. The color has a very obvious difference in shades. The center is the thickest, showing iron spots.

FIVE DYNASTY YUE WARE 五代越窑

越窑是中国古代南方著名的青瓷窑，汉族传统制瓷工艺的珍品之一。窑所在地主要在越州境内，即今浙江省绍兴、宁波等地。生产年代自东汉至宋。唐朝是越窑工艺最精湛时期，居全国之冠。越窑之名，最早见于唐代，越窑瓷青瓷与唐代的饮茶风尚关系十分密切，其瓷质造型，釉色之美，深受饮茶者的喜爱。饮茶风尚又影响了越窑青瓷的型制。 五代时最著名的青瓷窑场和青瓷系统，也称“秘色窑”。在越州境内(今浙江慈溪上林湖滨湖地区)，故名。所烧青瓷代表了当时青瓷的最高水平。 五代吴越时越窑瓷器已“臣庶不得用”，作为吴越王钱氏御用及贡品。 越窑的青瓷明彻如冰，晶莹温润如玉，色泽是青中带绿与茶青色相近。 五代时期是越窑发展鼎盛时期，代表了青瓷的最高水平。 五代越窑青瓷胎质细腻，胎壁较薄，表面光泽，胎色呈灰或浇灰色，釉质腴润光亮，半透明，釉层薄而匀，釉色前期以黄为主，后期以青为主。装饰初期以素面为主，后期堆贴尤其是刻花大为盛行，题材多为人物、山水、花鸟、走兽。艺术形式多种多样，艺术风格丰富多彩。

Yue kiln is a famous celadon kiln in southern China in ancient times, and one of the treasures of Han traditional porcelain making. The kiln was mainly located in Yuezhou, which is now Shaoxing, Ningbo and other places in Zhejiang Province. The production period is from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was the most exquisite period of Yue kiln craftsmanship, ranking first in the country. The name of Yue kiln was first seen in the Tang Dynasty. Yue kiln celadon is closely related to the tea-drinking fashion of the Tang Dynasty. Its porcelain shape and beautiful glaze color are deeply loved by tea drinkers. The tea-drinking fashion has also influenced the style of Yue kiln celadon. The most famous celadon kiln and celadon system in the Five Dynasties, also called "Secret Color Kiln", was in the territory of Yuezhou (now the Lakeside Lake area of ​​Shanglin, Cixi, Zhejiang), hence the name. The celadon produced represented the highest level of celadon at that time. In the Five Dynasties, during the Wuyue period, yue kiln porcelain had been "forbidden for use by commoners" and was used as a tribute to the Qian family of Wuyue King. Yue kiln celadon is as clear as ice, crystal clear and warm as jade, and the color is green with green and tea-blue similar to tea. The Five Dynasties period was the heyday of Yue kiln development and represented the highest level of celadon. Five-dynasty Yue kiln celadon has fine body, thin wall, shiny surface, in gray or cast gray color, glaze is smooth and bright, translucent, glaze layer is thin and uniform, glaze color is mainly yellow in the early stage, and blue in the later stage. The decoration was mainly plain in the early stage, and in the later stage, the carved flowers became popular. The subjects were mostly characters, landscapes, flowers and birds, and animals. There are various artistic forms and various artistic styles.